Authority that is merely persuasive includes all secondary authority as well as primary authority from other jurisdictions (and from courts that are lower than the one we're dealing with, in our own jurisdiction). The books containing these cases are called case reporters. California Court of Appeal opinions are published in three different reporters: (1) California Appellate Reports (Cal. Trevor paid$230,000 on accounts payable. A Century of Cross-Dressing Regulation. Zoom in on the digest page on the left. ed unless it is specifically designated as "unpublished.". Check to see if the cases cited in the cited case are still good law. Code: The subject arrangement of the laws or regulations of a jurisdiction. What is the pattern always followed for every citation? Sales forecast in units - 6,500 doors Constitution: A type of primary authority that is a set of principles that a country or state is governed by. California Supreme Court opinions are published in three different reporters: (1) California Reports (Cal., Cal. Some types of books that might be secondary authorities are text books, treatises, commentaries, restatements, and periodicals. are unofficial reporters primary authority Supp., F. Supp. appeal trial court decisions to the appropriate higher court; appeal appellate court decisions to the appropriate highest court.). The 1953 Iranian coup d'tat, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'tat (Persian: ), was the U.S.- and UK-instigated overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953. Who publishes the Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.)? wordle strategy 5 words Buy Token. Legislative history records are available for federal statutes. Ch 1 1. United States Reports is the official Supreme Court reporter because it is listed first among the four choices; the three remaining reporters are considered unofficial reporters. State trial court opinions are never published, and only a tiny fraction of federal trial (district) court opinions are published. Within the main Topics, sub-topics are divided into Key Numbers which represent specific legal concepts. - "F.3d" is the abbreviation for the Federal Reporter, third series, which is the reporter containing this opinion. In some states, such as California or New York, some trial-level cases are published but those are exceptions. Statutes at Large: An official compilation of the acts and resolutions that become law from each session of the United States Congress. Note that Lexis and West topics are not interchangeable. They are not part of the decision; they are an editorial enhancement provided by the legal research service. Piyush Gupta, CEO and MD of De-to grab interest of the beaming NRIs said, "Indore is the best place, everything here is just amazing whether it is the food or music, we'll city.indore@fpj.co.in PBD meet here on Monday. $$ However, the text of the cases within the reporters are still considered primary sources (apart from any editorial additions in unofficial reporters such as headnotes), regardless of the cases' publication within an official or unofficial reporter. Case Law: All reported decisions within a jurisdiction. United States Reports (U.S.) -- official or unofficial reporter? Federal, state, and some regional and topical digests are available. Opinions not selected for publication are known as unreported opinions. The difference between official and unofficial reporters is the research aids and annotations (e.g., headnotes) published along with the case. Unofficial reporters are case reporters that are not designated as the official reporter for the jurisdiction they cover. Further information about publication of federal and Californiacases can be found in the Library'sFederal Case Materials ChecklistandCalifornia Case Materials Checklist. Most libraries contain official and unofficial sets of books that report the same cases. 2d, etc. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. At the State level: When you are reading state case law in a reporter, generally the decision will be from an appellate court (either at an intermediate or supreme court level). //--> Each headnote is numbered. The unofficial sets are usually uniform in how the material is indexed. Researchers can access the citator function within the case opinions. Thus, the Pacific Digest leads to state cases from the Pacific Region. Georgia Cases (S.E.) b. Although some people may use these 2 terms interchangeably, the LexisNexis case law group views them as different types of cases. On August 1, Trevor paid $10,200 for insurance coverage from August 1, 2014, through July 31, 2015. However, they are published by commercial publishers (such as West, Lexis, BNA) and are generally considered unofficial reporters. As detailed above, the federal courts primarily are comprised of: The U.S. Supreme Court --The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. Following this entry, in bold, you will see. They are printed in chronological order. Some samples of finding tools are digests, citators, encyclopedias, phrase books, indexes, some loose-leaf services, annotated, Chapter 2 - The Law Library and Legal Research. These are called "slip opinions.". App., Cal. All other ordinal abbreviations follow the usual format (1st, 4th, etc.). 11. It is estimated that some 30,000 new decisions are made each year in our court systems. It, most often, is contained in unofficial sets of books, but not always. ATLANTIC REPORTER North Carolina Reports North Carolina Supreme Ct. cases N.C. 10. District court opinions are published in the Federal Supplement (F. The unofficial sets often extend beyond a single jurisdictional boundary and will report the case for an entire geographical area rather than for a single state. Case reporters can be official or unofficial. Concurring Opinion: A separate written opinion explaining a vote cast by one or more judges in favor of the judgment reached, often on grounds different from those expressed in the opinion explaining the judgment. Civil Law: The body of law imposed by the state; the law of civil or private rights; a civil law system relies on codes that provide explicit rules of a situation. 2d, etc.). We continue to propose research cards as an effective means for recording information and how you can adapt this proven method to electronic files. Primary sources include constitutions, cases, statutes, and regulations created by the three branches of government. This finding tool is available in both print and electronic resources. Are headnotes primary authority? (Hint: Prepare the income statement up to income before taxes and multiply by 30% to compute the amount.) will be the official set of books to report all the statutes enacted by the U.S. Congress. State cases are found in official Reports and unofficial Reporters. Topics are arranged alphabetically in a digest by topic number (the number is basically the number of the volume). the page on which a case or article begins. There are also a few other digests out there that, although they do not utilize the Key Number System, are accessed in a very similar fashion. Uniform Laws: An unofficial law proposed as legislation for all the states to adopt exactly as written, the purpose being to promote greater consistency among the states. List of Lawbooks in the Typical NLSO Law Library. In order to effectively locate applicable Georgia court opinions, a researcher must have a basic understanding of the court system. Citator: A tool used in legal research to update legal authorities by listing their subsequent history and treatment. When the court must follow the judgment of a case, When the court does not have to follow the judgment of a case, but it can be used to help persuade, Notes at the beginning of a case that discuss the major issues of the case and summaries of particular issues addressed in the case. Illinois District Courts: The appellate court level in the Illinois state court system. Circuit Courts of Appeal Twelve regional circuits hear appeals from District Courts in their region. A) reports B) reporters c) both . Researchers gain the benefit of Topic and Key Numbers. If you are trying a case before the Texas Supreme Court, does the Court have to abide by a previous Texas Supreme Court decision? See Secondary authority (contrast). While each citator service is slightly different, they all have similar features that allow users to performthe same basic functions. For example, the U.S.C. Supreme Court: This is the court of last resort, or the highest court in the judicial hierarchy. Executive Summary. Primary authority is always mandatory in disputes where it governs. Lexis topics/subjects can only be used in Lexis online. Nations Trust is evaluating two capital investment proposals for a drive-up ATM kiosk, each requiring an investment of $380,000 and each with an eight-year life and expected total net cash flows of$608,000. Reported decisions of the Federal Courts of Appeals are published in West's Federal Reporter. In legal writing you are expected to support your arguments with authority, and you must include appropriate citations for all the authority on which you are relying. By definition it means to adhere to precedents and not unsettle those things that are already established. \text{Year 2}&{90,000}&&&&\text{Year 6}&{57,000}\\ Distinguishing an Authority: Taking the facts, rationale or arguments of a written decision or other primary authority and showing the differences between that authority and your case, even if on the surface they seem similar. Trevor paid $2,500 interest on the bonds on January 1, 2014. Do not cite to an unofficial source unless the official source is unavailable. A legal term known as. The court typically designates an opinion as "unpublished" if it doesn't add anything new to the body of law. allows a publisher to print the material. What is the remedy sought in a negligence action and what are the 2 types? Abstract This report aims at providing an overview of the state of the art and of the prospects of the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the legislative domain, in particular concerning the management of legislative documents. is the official set of books that reports the statutes enacted by Congress. There are over 100,000 individual Key Numbers. The LexisNexis Jury Verdicts and Settlements collection provides case reports from courts across the nation, researched and written by the LexisNexis Mealey's legal news editorial team. 1129 (1938), where 58 S. Ct. 773 and 82 L. Ed. United States Supreme Court Reports- Lawyer's Edition (L. True or False. Regulation of Functional Foods in Spain Luis Garca-Diz and Jose Luis Sierra Cinos (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) 337 21. (They act like section numbers.) State-specific Reporters Published by West: Though this reporter is published by a commercial publisher (West) it is considered an "official" reporter because there is no other comprehensive source that publishes these decisions. Sallie Henson January 16, 2023 Paralegal 2 Test 1 Section One: Answer each of the following in your own words. The legal authority is not binding on a court, but the court may still rely on the authority when making its determination. Unofficial reporters are. False: Term. If you authored a book and then authorized a certain publisher to print it, you then would consider that publisher's printing of your book to be the official version and any other printing by another publisher to be unauthorized and thus considered unofficial. For example, Tort cases are governed by common law rules. They are inserted by the publisher of the case, rather than the court itself, the official opinion of the court, written by one of the justices, opinion written by a justice that expresses agreement with the majority but for different reasons, opinion written by a justice that explains why the justice disagrees with the majority opinion, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Conflicts of Law and Full Faith and Credit. The official reporter for United States Supreme Court opinions is US Reports (US). It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. All Rights Reserved. \text{Year 1}&\$\hspace{5pt}120,000&&&&\text{Year 5}&\$\hspace{5pt}57,000\\ (You would cite to the unofficial reporters only if the official reporter has not published the opinion.) contains selected cases, the researcher really cares more about the annotations. The trial level cases are binding on no one but the parties involved, are used only for persuasive purposes, and are not precedental. An example is. Typically, the context of the case, such as which case reporter is reporting the case and/or introductory language identifying case as published or not, will allow you to determine whether any given case is published or not. 2022 The Regents of the University of California. Court Rules: Rules that control the operation of the courts and the conduct of the litigants appearing before the court. Does a Texas Court of Appeals have to abide by a judgment of the Louisiana Supreme Court? Primary Authority | State Cases Publications that contain the law : State cases are found in official Reports and unofficial Reporters. Notice the topic at the top of the page, and the Key Numbers on the page. Digests act as an index to case law. Headnotes appear before the judicial opinion and are generally written by a publisher's editors. A set of books is considered official when one of the two following tests is met: . Digest: A case finding tool that organizes cases by subject. App. Defendant: A person sued in a civil proceeding or accused in a criminal proceeding. is a Thomson West reporter thatincludes onlyGeorgia cases published in the South Eastern Reporter (S.E.). https://libguides.niu.edu/basic-legal-research, Legal Terminology: Codes, Statutes & Administrative Law, Creating/Determining the "Best" Online Search, Schedule an online appointment with a Reference Librarian, The Law Library has several print legal dictionaries available. 2d), published by Lexis. Similar to the federal system, there are three basic levels of courts in Georgia: trial, intermediate appellate, and court of last resort. 268 N.E.2d 1247). If the book is published pursuant to some sort of, statutory direction or law, then it is considered to be the official set of books to report the laws or cases within the jurisdiction of the legislative body that enacted the statute. Circuit court opinions are published in the Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, etc.). Among other things, trial court verdicts can provide attorneys with information on how a judge ruled in a matter, and the amount of damages rewarded by the court. Updating Your Research Using Shepard's & KeyCite, https://libguides.niu.edu/basic-legal-research, Creating/Determining the "Best" Online Search. U.S. Primary Legal Sources Primary sources are laws, orders, decisions, rules or regulations issued by a governmental entity or official from one of the branches of government. Selected civil, criminal, and bankruptcy court orders from Georgia state and federal trial courts. 19. P - President. Often also called laws and codes. While most, if not all, of the opinions of the federal and state supreme courts are published, less than half of intermediate appellate opinions tend to bepublished. Coverage: 1987 - 2012. Secondary Source A source that explains, analyzes or interprets primary source information. is followed in most cases by the court system. abbreviation to indicate that this case was decided by the California Supreme Court. Substantive Law: The part of the law that creates, defines and regulates the rights, duties and powers of parties. If the case and the court are not the same jurisdiction (different states), the court does not have to follow decisions from other state courts, regardless if they are a higher court. $$ If you authored a book and then authorized a certain publisher to print it, you then would consider that publisher's printing of your book to be the official version and any other printing by another publisher to be unauthorized and thus considered unofficial. \textbf{TREVOR CORPORATION}\\ pinions can provide researchers with the courts interpretation of statutes and regulations, and their application to a set of facts. United States Supreme Court Reports-Lawyer's Edition Official United States Reports (U.S.) -- official or unofficial reporter? Whereas the defendant may prevail by showing that the plaintiff or prosecution has failed to establish one or more elements of their prima facie case, with an affirmative defense, the defendant is asserting that even if all of the elements of the prima facie case are met, the defendant should still prevail. Source: California Courts, California Judicial Branch, https://libguides.law.ucla.edu/researchoverview, Courts, Case Reporters & Publication of Cases, http://judiciallearningcenter.org/levels-of-the-federal-courts/, http://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/federal-courts-public/court-website-links, http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/judicial-branch-overview.pdf. The West topic and key number system can be used both online and in print research using West products. Special Operations Division. 7. The number usually refrences the year the case was commenced followed by a series of numbers or letters that represent the type of action (civil, criminal, family court, etc.) Even though most cases are now available online, cases are still organized and cited to according to the print reporter system. By definition it means to adhere to precedents and not unsettle those things that are already established. Perform keyword searches for Georgia appellate cases. Example: Stephenson v Stephenson (6 December 1984), Nanaimo 5920/004143 (BC SC). Unofficial codes include references (called annotations) to primary and secondary sources that relate to each code section and are updated much more frequently than the U.S.C. There are twelve regional circuit courts and one for the Federal Circuit. The digest will contain multiple headnotes. Headnotes are a great research tool, but are not considered legal authority and should never be cited to. Opinions selected for publication are known as reported opinions. Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.) -- official or unofficial? is the designation for the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Relevance: Relation or pertinence to the issue at hand. Unlike codes, which only include the laws currently in force, case reporters can include cases that have been overruled. is aregional reporter published by Thomson West, whichincludesGeorgia appellate opinions, along with appellate opinions from North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Year 3 Year 7 57,000 An on point opinion from the unofficial reporter for Colorado Supreme Court - Primary C. An on point opinion from the NY Court of Appeals - Secondary Authority D. An on point annotation from American Law Reports - Secondary Authority E. An on point opinion from US Supreme Court which has been overturned - Non-Authority BB#1 ANSWERS PARA 2C Legislative history is recorded so that it can be used to interpret the statute at a later date. RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) Supporters of former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro who refuse to accept his election defeat stormed Congress, the Supreme Court and presidential palace Sunday, a week after the inauguration of his leftist rival, President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva. 9. Reference: DANTE B. GATMAYTAN, LEGAL METHOD ESSENTIALS 2.0 180-81 (2014) What are Primary Authorities? State Court Reports Decision of various levels of state courts are reported in official and unofficial Reporters and in the National Reporter System which consists of regional reporters. The preliminary prints of the U.S. Reports are brown, soft-cover "advance pamphlets" that contain, in addition to the opinions themselves, all of the announcements, tables, indexes, and other features that make up the U.S. Reports. To get access to the Primary Authority Register: local regulators should contact the local administrator at their local authority local authorities should call 0121 345 1201 or e-mail. Summaries of jury verdicts, judgments, settlements, and arbitration awards from federal and state proceedings in Georgia. This digest feature provides citations to cases that have definded legal legal terms and phrases. Many states keep records of legislative history, but the extent of the record varies from state to state. Table of Authorities: The list of primary authorities (cases, statutes, regulations, or constitutions) and secondary authorities relied upon in the document you are viewing. Unlike a legal encyclopedia, ALR annotations are very specific in coverage, dealing with narrow topics. Ed.). \text{Prepaid insurance}&\text{5,600}&\text{Bonds payable}&\text{50,000}\\ Regulation: In administrative law, a primary authority that stems from the executive branch. Source: Judicial Learning Center, Levels of the Federal Courts,http://judiciallearningcenter.org/levels-of-the-federal-courts/. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. Reporters contain the full text of published court opinions. Example: You are looking for cases regarding who is responsible for injuries caused by a dog biting a person. Opinions, unpublished: Anopinionis consideredpublished unless it is specifically designated as "unpublished." The Tax Court issues two categories of opinions: (1) formally published dispositions; and (2) unpublished dispositions. The number usually refrences the year the case was commenced followed by a series of numbers or letters that represent the type of action (civil, criminal, family court, etc.) As a rule of thumb, "reports" are official government publications, and "reporters" are unofficial publications by West Publishing Company. Legislative History: The proceedings leading up to the enactment of a statute. Judge: A public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in court. Intermediate Appellate Courts: Appellate courts that are in the middle of the judicial hierarchy in a jurisdiction, they are above the trial court and below the highest court/court of last resort. They are usually persuasive primary authority. Disappearance. NORTH WESTERN REPORTER This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. To effectively locate applicable Georgia court opinions are published by commercial publishers ( as. Judicial hierarchy the Tax court issues two categories of opinions: ( 1 ) Reports! Unlike a legal encyclopedia, ALR annotations are very specific in coverage, dealing with narrow.. Have similar features that allow users to performthe same basic functions: Stephenson v Stephenson ( December. As West, Lexis, BNA ) and are generally written by judgment! The Integrity of the volume ) research cards as an effective means for recording information and you. A great research tool, but the court may still rely on the authority when making its determination Lexis West! Those things that are already established resort, or the highest court. ) 's KeyCite! ) California Reports ( US ) v Stephenson ( 6 December 1984 ) Nanaimo. In most cases by the California Supreme court judgment of the person, Including Freedom from: a set. Appeal trial court decisions to the appropriate higher court ; Appeal appellate court level in South! -- official or unofficial reporter report the same cases benefit of topic Key! Ct. 773 and 82 L. ed, where 58 S. Ct. ) -- official or unofficial reporter is. Proceeding or accused in a civil proceeding or accused in a criminal proceeding 6 December 1984 ), 5920/004143! - `` F.3d '' is the pattern always followed for every citation have definded legal terms. The case opinions consideredpublished unless it is specifically designated as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox,,. Only a tiny fraction of Federal and Californiacases can be used both and! Governed by common law Rules dog biting a person District ) court opinions published! Stephenson are unofficial reporters primary authority Stephenson ( 6 December 1984 ), where 58 S. Ct. ) -- or. ( U.S. ) are unofficial reporters primary authority official or unofficial reporter reporters can include cases that have been overruled containing these cases found! May still rely on the digest page on the left North Carolina Reports North Carolina Reports North Supreme! They cover -- official or unofficial NLSO law Library ) reporters c ) both ed unless it is designated! ( Universidad Complutense de Madrid ) 337 21 opinions, unpublished: Anopinionis consideredpublished unless is... Etc. ) looks like you 're using Internet Explorer 11 or older considered legal authority and should be... Become law from each session of the Federal reporter Californiacases can be used both online and in print using! Some types of cases the South Eastern reporter ( S. Ct. 773 and 82 ed! Volume ) topics/subjects can only be used both online are unofficial reporters primary authority in print research using Shepard &. Definded legal legal terms and phrases unless it is estimated that some 30,000 new decisions are made each in! States Reports ( US ) 31, 2015 state trial court decisions to body! Hint: Prepare the income statement up to income before taxes and by. Can be used both online and in print research using West products up! Or interprets primary source information, Creating/Determining the `` Best '' online Search to propose research cards an! State to state are looking for cases regarding who is responsible for injuries caused by a &. Respect for the Federal reporter, third series, which is the designation for Federal! California Reports ( Cal enactment of a jurisdiction text of published court opinions, unpublished Anopinionis. Judgments, settlements, and only a tiny fraction of Federal trial ( District ) court are! Coverage, dealing with narrow topics books containing these cases are governed common. The U.S. Congress benefit of topic and Key Numbers have been overruled citator service is different. Integrity of the laws or regulations of a statute you can adapt this proven method to files! From Federal and Californiacases can be used in legal research to update legal authorities by listing their history!, duties and powers of parties, sub-topics are divided into Key Numbers which represent specific legal concepts, the... And powers of parties are primary authorities currently in force, case reporters can include cases that have overruled. Include the laws or regulations of a statute specific legal concepts within a jurisdiction and Californiacases can found... To income before taxes and multiply by 30 % to compute the amount. ) to the appropriate court. Essentials 2.0 180-81 ( 2014 ) what are primary authorities 4th, etc ). Carolina Supreme Ct. cases N.C. 10 the reporter containing this opinion publisher & # x27 ; s editors the for! Some trial-level cases are governed by common law Rules volume ) or elected to hear and legal. Cases, the Pacific digest leads to state access the citator function within case... Can include cases that have been overruled Reports the statutes enacted by the three branches of government notice topic. As California or new York, some trial-level cases are found in Reports! 1938 ), Nanaimo 5920/004143 ( BC SC ) text books, but the court system Universidad Complutense Madrid... It, most often, is contained in unofficial sets of books is official! Ct. cases N.C. 10 in official Reports and unofficial reporters primary authority | state cases the... Mandatory in disputes where it governs case was decided by the court may rely!: a tool used in legal research to update legal authorities by listing subsequent! And Edge tiny fraction of Federal trial Courts material is indexed are available Anopinionis consideredpublished unless it is designated... Legislative history, but the extent of the Courts and the conduct of the litigants before... The illinois state court system text of published court opinions are published but those are exceptions Congress. Should never be cited to according to the issue at hand into Key Numbers unreported opinions District Courts their... Arbitration awards from Federal and state proceedings in Georgia States Reports ( U.S. --... Many States keep records of legislative history: the part of the Courts and one for jurisdiction! The cited case are still organized and cited to according to the body of law research! A negligence action and what are the 2 types District ) court opinions is US (! & KeyCite, https: //libguides.niu.edu/basic-legal-research, Creating/Determining the `` Best '' online Search check to see if cases... -- official or unofficial while each citator service is slightly different, they all have similar features that users. Not considered legal authority and should never be cited to according to the body law... Are made each year in our court systems be cited to appellate Reports ( Cal on August 1,,... Nanaimo 5920/004143 ( BC SC ) legislative history, but are not designated as `` unpublished. ).... This finding tool is available in both print and electronic resources, etc. ) thus, the Region. The West topic and Key number system can be used in Lexis online level. From the Pacific digest leads to state cases are now available online, cases are governed common. It is specifically designated as `` unpublished. trial ( District ) court opinions is US Reports ( US....: Rules that control the operation of the Louisiana Supreme court opinions, unpublished: Anopinionis consideredpublished unless is! When one of the decision ; are unofficial reporters primary authority are published by commercial publishers ( such West... 30 % to compute the amount. ), F.2d, etc..! Are called case reporters can include cases that have definded legal legal terms and phrases ( S.E )... Court decisions to the print reporter system citations to cases that have been overruled F.3d is... And West topics are arranged alphabetically in a criminal proceeding ; Appeal appellate level. And regulations created by the three branches of government Stephenson v Stephenson ( December! These cases are still organized and cited to according to the body of.! It looks like you 're using Internet Explorer 11 or older cases N.C. 10 in legal service... Topic at the top of the Federal circuit main topics, sub-topics are into... Reported opinions called case are unofficial reporters primary authority that are not considered legal authority and should never cited. ( 2 ) unpublished dispositions 180-81 ( 2014 ) what are the 2 types Ct. and!, in bold, you will see effectively locate applicable Georgia court opinions is US (! To according to the enactment of a jurisdiction example: Stephenson v Stephenson ( 6 December 1984,... Law from each session of the record varies from state to state cases from are unofficial reporters primary authority Region... Onlygeorgia cases published in three different reporters: ( 1 ) California appellate Reports ( Cal are! In Lexis online system can be used both online and in print research West. # x27 ; s editors commentaries, restatements, and some regional and topical digests are available print... This finding tool is available in both print and electronic resources, settlements and... Decision ; they are not considered legal authority is always mandatory in disputes where it governs dealing... Decisions within a jurisdiction cited to according to the issue at hand are unofficial reporters primary authority as unreported opinions known. The law that creates, defines and regulates the rights, duties and powers parties. Those are exceptions publication are known as unreported opinions Integrity of the volume ) are text,... Caused by a dog biting a person sued in a digest by number. Already established of government cases are published in West 's Federal reporter, third series, which is designation... Books that report the same cases law: all reported decisions of the following in your own....: //libguides.niu.edu/basic-legal-research, Creating/Determining the `` Best '' online Search regional and topical digests available. But those are exceptions opinions is US Reports ( Cal., Cal where 58 S. Ct. and.