phonetics. ), 151.633 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Advocacy groups reported that children with disabilities rarely attended school past the secondary level. The constitution provides workers with the right to join and form unions of their choice, provided they are citizens. Deputy Secretaries of State; Deputy Secretary of State; Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy; Office of the U.S. The subdivisions were to the )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2013 est. The law also provides for the creation of independent unions, although the unions membership must account for at least 20 percent of an enterprises workforce. Under French The repatriations were conducted in coordination with consular officials from the countries of origin of the migrants, but the migrants were not permitted to challenge their removal. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. Corruption: The criminal code stipulates that only the board of directors of the institution concerned may initiate charges related to theft, embezzlement, or loss of public and private funds against senior, public sector economic managers. Critics of the law asserted that by permitting only senior officials of state businesses to initiate investigations, the law protects high-level government corruption and promotes impunity. 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. Jeune Afriqueonline remained available. A nonresponse after this period of time is considered a rejection. Arabic: al-Jumhuriya al-Jazairiya ad-Dimuqratiya ash-Shabiya (formal), Dutch: Algerije, Democratische Volksrepubliek Algerije (formal), English: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (formal), Norwegian: Den demokratiske folkerepublikk Algerie (formal) (Bokml), Den demokratiske folkerepublikken Algerie (formal) (Nynorsk), Algerie, Russian: , (formal), Turkish: Cezayir Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti (formal), Bchar: after Wadi Bashshar, possibly from Arabic, Bjaa: ethnic name, possibly from Arabic, Constantine: rebuilt in 311 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great, El Oued: = the Wadi (intermittent stream), Stif: ancient Sitifi, possibly from Berber. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. (An igamie is the )-5.1% (2020 est. These organizations reported that migrant parents were often reluctant to enroll their children in Algerian schools due to language barriers or cultural differences. CGATA membership included workers from unions representing government administrators, diplomatic personnel, state electricity and gas employees, university professors, public transport and postal workers, and lawyers. [9] Encyclopdia Britannica World Atlas, 1957 edition. A tripartite social pact among business, government, and the official union established the national minimum wage of DZD 18,000 ($153) per month in 2012. Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)major-language sample(s): (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. ), Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km), Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin, the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map, mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts, largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated, Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools. Sept. 29: The Algerian Defense Ministry said the Algerian army killed five armed Islamist militants and seized weapons, munitions and food supplies during a sweep of the forests of Tazoult in the Batna province. The law requires that a minimum level of essential public services must be maintained during public-sector service strikes, and the government has broad legal authority to requisition public employees. The ministry has three to six months to review the text, with the absence of a response after that time constituting a rejection of the application. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. Although specific data was unavailable, children reportedly worked mostly in the informal sales market, often in family businesses. Half of the lunch hour is considered compensated working time. The government supported the countrys Network for the Defense of Childrens Rights (NADA). Note: in the 1998 census data, the sum of the province populations is 2 less than the reported total for Algeria. A ban on demonstrations in Algiers remained in effect. After violent clashes between Ibadis in Ghardaia and security forces, Fekhar wrote a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon asking the UN to save the local Ibadite population from persecution by the government. The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. U.S. imports from Algeria grew from $4.7 billion in 2002 to $10.8 billion in 2005, primarily in oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). The Ministry of Labor conducted inspections and in some cases investigated companies suspected of hiring underage workers. 1957-07-01: New department codes assigned to the thirteen departments. The law provides for collective bargaining by all unions, and the government permitted the exercise of this right for authorized unions. )investment in inventories: 11.2% (2017 est. Impunity for police and security officials remained a problem, but the government provided information on actions taken against officials accused of wrongdoing. 1983-12-15: Thirty-one departments re-organized to form 48 provinces (as shown in the first table). New FIPS The governments lack of transparency over its use of state-funded advertising, however, permitted it to exert undue influence over print media. The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Police arrested and interrogated some of the demonstrators and released them after about an hour. In all other criminal cases, pretrial detention may not exceed four months. The facilities were located in Sidi Fredj. transferred from Sada to Oran. Over the past three years, the government has enacted incremental increases in some taxes, resulting in modest increases in prices for gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, and certain imported goods, but it has refrained from reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs. )investment in fixed capital: 38.1% (2017 est. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. Religious and civil society leaders reported that the Jewish community faced unofficial, religion-based obstacles to government employment and administrative difficulties when working with government bureaucracy. He declared, with considerable accuracy, that Algeria was not a French province but an Arab country, a European colony, and a French camp. This attitude aroused certain hopes among Algerians, but they were destroyed by the emperors downfall in 1870. ), potatoes, wheat, milk, watermelons, barley, onions, tomatoes, oranges, dates, vegetables, petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing, agriculture: 10.8%industry: 30.9%services: 58.4% (2011 est. Furthermore, all public demonstrations, including protests and strikes, must receive prior government authorization. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) reported during the year that following suppression of public activities in years past, they no longer hold events outside of private locations. Organizations wishing to initiate regular publications must obtain authorization from the government. By law workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory conciliation or mediation. Presidential term limits, which were eliminated in 2008, were reintroduced in the 2016 revision of the constitution and limit the president to two five-year terms. Police arrested blogger Merzoug Touati in January 2017 on charges stemming from his online publication of an interview with a former Israeli diplomat. Local authorities refused the follow on request for another event. The law prohibits discrimination with respect to employment, salary, and work environment based on age, gender, social and marital status, family links, political conviction, disability, national origin and affiliation with a union. During the year authorities blocked LGBTI NGOs from organizing meetings. At the beginning of the 20th century, Algeria was a French colony. )male: 41.3% (2020 est. 1848-12-09: By French presidential decree, the civil territory in each province was elevated to a department of The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. Individuals may appeal adverse decisions to international human rights bodies, but their decisions would not have the force of law. translate the Arabic "baladiyah," but they're essentially the same thing.). The departments were subdivided The law does not adequately cover migrant workers employed primarily in construction and as domestic workers. The Ministry of Culture reviewed the content of films before they could be shown, as well as books before importation. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO Boumerds formed from parts of Alger and Tizi Ouzou; El Bayadh split from Sada; El Oued split from Biskra; El Tarf The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. Section 1. WebDeputy Secretaries of State. The ministrys Media Directorate is responsible for issuing and renewing accreditations to foreign media outlets operating in the country. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. You can add more than one country or area. 1905-08-14: Territoires du Sud organized into four territories: An Sefra, Ghardaia, Oasis (no capital), and Opposition candidate Benflis rejected the results and claimed that fraud marred the elections. Falling under the purview of the Ministry of Justice, the agency has exclusive authority for monitoring all electronic surveillance activities, but the decree did not provide details regarding the limits of surveillance authority or corresponding protections for persons subject to surveillance. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. While the constitution provides for the separation of powers between the executive and judicial branches of government, the executive branchs broad statutory authorities limited judicial independence. Hotels in Algiers and other major cities continued their practice of refusing to sign rental contracts for meeting spaces with political parties, NGOs, and civil associations without a copy of written authorization from the Ministry of Interior for the proposed gathering. )industrial: 191 million cubic meters (2017 est. Algeria became independent in 1962. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use. Intelligence services arrested journalist Said Chitour in June 2017 and accused him of sharing intelligence with a foreign power. Some media figures alleged the government used its control over most printing houses and large amounts of public sector advertising preferentially, and that the lack of clear regulations over these practices permitted it to exert undue influence on press outlets. alterations - were consolidated into a unit called Territoires du Sud. During the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human rights, including for all new cadets. Opposition parties also disseminated information via the internet and published communiques but stated they did not have access to the national television and radio. Nationwide, the government required citizens and organizations to obtain permits from the national government-appointed local governor before holding public meetings or demonstrations. $487.716 billion (2021 est. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. The law also bans political party ties to nonpolitical associations and regulates party financing and reporting requirements. During the year, the government deported migrants to Mali. formed from parts of Annaba and Guelma; Ghardaa split from Laghouat; Illizi split from Ouargla; Khenchela formed from The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO province code. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est. The law presumes defendants are innocent and have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney provided at public expense if necessary. During a media interview, Omar Belhouchet, the editor ofEl Watan, an independent daily newspaper, said that media companies self-censor regarding certain topics. 1900: According to Jean-Jacques Sudre, in 1900, mentioning only "clearly definable entities", Algeria was divided